Parts

The latest generation Thudbuster ST is superior to its predecessor in every way. Building on Thudbuster's proven parallel linkage technology we have completely re-designed the seatpost for increased durability, a higher rider weight limit, and additional suspension travel, as well as ease of use through tool-free elastomer change and a single-bolt seat clamp design. By improving on this already legendary design, we're confident to say that the newest generation Thudbuster is the most advanced suspension seatpost ever made. - Travel: 50mm - Weight: 580g - Max Rider Weight: 330lbs

The SRAM DUB bottom bracket series has a simple job— to connect crankarms and protect the smooth, long-lasting application of power to the drivetrain. SRAM engineered the oversized DUB spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard, simplifying crankarm compatibility. - Gutter Seal Technology drastically improves sealing against the elements - Sealed cartridge bearings - One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard

ULTIMATE PERFORMANCE Featuring purpose-engineered shaping, Giant’s all-new Contact SLR Stem is stiff, strong and ultra-light. Available in ±10° and ±20° angles and eight lengths from 70 to 140mm, the Contact SLR stem accommodates a wide range of riders and is the perfect complement to the TCR or any other high-performance road bike. STIFF AND LIGHT With purpose- engineered shaping, full-carbon Contact SLR stem offers maximum stiffness at minimum weight. Compared with the previous Contact SLR stem, the all-new Contact SLR road stem is 9% stiffer and 7% lighter. AERO INTEGRATION The integrated stem cap of the all-new Contact SLR stem ensures a smooth flow of air over the top of the stem while the specifically designed shape of the spacers offers seamless integration and air transition over the side of the stem. VERSATILE FIT Perfect for any elite rider, the Contact SLR road race stem is available in eight sizes, ranging from 70mm to 140mm, and 2 angles (±10°/ ±20°). FEATURES - Compatible with all Giant OD1 and OD2 head tubes sizes - Available in ±10° and ±20° angles - Available in eight lengths from 70 to 140mm - Purpose-engineered shaping achieves maximum stiffness and lowest weight - Integrated aero silhouette from stem cap to spacers

Superior hand feel that you need to feel to believe. Winner of world cups, Cape Epics, and stages of La Ruta de Conquistadores. - Material: Dual-density high-performance rubber - Supacaz pattern design for max control and ultimate tackiness - Diameter: 32mm - Star Ringz: 100% Aluminum - Anodized/powder coated - Laser-etched

The new SRAM DUB bottom bracket series has a simple job: connect your crankarms and protect the smooth, long-lasting application of power to your drivetrain. To allow that singular focus, we've engineered the DUB spindle to be the one true unifying component. One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard. For better crankarm compatibility. For better protection from the elements. For longer-lasting performance. To be stronger, smoother, simpler. Now, back to the ride. - One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard. - Greater bearing durability - Easy installation - PressFit cups for lighter weight

Downhillers and freeriders need tough gear that can handle the abuse of big air and huge drops. TruVativ's Giga Pipe Team DH Bottom Bracket uses four sealed cartridge bearings to provide smooth pedaling season after season. For serious strength, the Giga Pipe boasts CNC-machined aluminum cups and a stiff chromoly spindle, too.

The SRAM DUB bottom bracket series has a simple job—to connect crankarms and protect the smooth, long-lasting application of power to the drivetrain. SRAM engineered the oversized DUB spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard, simplifying crankarm compatibility. - Designed for use with SRAM Wide Cranksets - Gutter Seal Technology drastically improves sealing against the elements - Sealed cartridge bearings - One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard

The SRAM DUB bottom bracket series has a simple job—to connect crankarms and protect the smooth, long-lasting application of power to the drivetrain. SRAM engineered the oversized DUB spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard, simplifying crankarm compatibility. - Gutter Seal Technology drastically improves sealing against the elements - Sealed cartridge bearings - One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard

The SRAM DUB bottom bracket series has a simple job—to connect crankarms and protect the smooth, long-lasting application of power to the drivetrain. SRAM engineered the oversized DUB spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard, simplifying crankarm compatibility. - Gutter Seal Technology drastically improves sealing against the elements - Sealed cartridge bearings - One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard

The new SRAM DUB bottom bracket series has a simple job: connect your crankarms and protect the smooth, long-lasting application of power to your drivetrain. To allow that singular focus, we've engineered the DUB spindle to be the one true unifying component. One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard. For better crankarm compatibility. For better protection from the elements. For longer-lasting performance. To be stronger, smoother, simpler. Now, back to the ride. - One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard. - Significantly lighter than PFGXP system - Easier installation by allowing you to press the bearing cups into the frame

The new SRAM DUB bottom bracket series has a simple job—connect your crankarms and protect the smooth, long-lasting application of power to your drivetrain. To allow that singular focus, we’ve engineered the DUB spindle to be the one true unifying component. One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard. For better crankarm compatibility. For better protection from the elements. For longer-lasting performance. To be stronger, smoother, simpler. Now, back to the ride. - One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard. - Significantly lighter than PFGXP system - Easier installation by allowing you to press the bearing cups into the frame - Easy installation - Two fully sealed cartridge bearings - ISO 4210 compliant. See Declaration of Conformity for details. - BB-frame interface PressFit (MTB: 89/92mm) - Crank-BB interface DUB - Bearing type Standard - Spindle diameter DUB - Cup material Steel

The new SRAM DUB bottom bracket series has a simple job—connect your crankarms and protect the smooth, long-lasting application of power to your drivetrain. To allow that singular focus, we’ve engineered the DUB spindle to be the one true unifying component. One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard. For better crankarm compatibility. For better protection from the elements. For longer-lasting performance. To be stronger, smoother, simpler. Now, back to the ride. - One oversized spindle to work across every bottom bracket standard. - Significantly lighter than PFGXP system - Easier installation by allowing you to press the bearing cups into the frame - Easy installation - Two fully sealed cartridge bearings - ISO 4210 compliant. See Declaration of Conformity for details. - BB-frame interface PressFit (Road: 86.5mm) - Crank-BB interface DUB - Bearing type Standard - Spindle diameter DUB - Cup material Steel

With bigger bikes there comes bigger demands. Thankfully, we created the 35 Gold to meet all of them, both in performance and value. Whether you have an E-MTB or MTB, the burly 35 Gold checks the box with our proven DebonAir spring and Motion Control damping. And new this year is an E-MTB-focused option with mounting points for optional full or short fenders. All told, you might wonder how we packed so much quality and performance into such a wallet-friendly package. Features - New E-MTB endorsement options with fender mounts are appropriate for all E-bikes (1.8" taper available) - New graphics are easy to read and make a fresh impact - Motion Control damping featuring low-speed compression adjustment to lockout - Highly tunable DebonAir spring offers a consistent feel throughout the travel - Fits Tires up to 2.8" (without fenders; the use of a full fender will reduce tire clearance) - Fast Black finished 35mm aluminum upper tubes couple stiffness and lightweight with a premium look - Offset: 44mm

SRAM's X4 Rear Derailleur provides precise, dependable shifting along with long-term durability. Its aluminum and steel construction delivers through the roughest trail, while SRAM's 1:1 actuation ratio and direct cable routing provide quick, reliable shifts. This derailleur is compatible with 7- or 8-speed drivetrains.

Dimension Combo Pedal Sets are assembled with size large toe clips, straps and reflectors. - Pedal Body Material: Plastic - Pedal Spindle: 9/16-inch - Pedal Type: Toe Clip Compatible - Spindle Material: Chromoly Steel - Weight: 475g

Problem Solvers Deckster pedal adapters. Converts SPD-compatible pedals to platform pedals for casual cruising. - Works with 2-bolt, SPD-style cleats, such as Time, Shimano, Crank Brothers, Wellgo and others. Not compatible with Speedplay - Cleats not included - 85 x 95 x 10mm platform - Hardware included, cleats not included

SRAM's PC-1 Single Speed Nickel Chain is designed for singlespeed bicycles so it won't jump off when you're laying down the power. It comes with a connector link for easy installation and removal.

The Reverb Stealth features Vent Valve Technology for super simple service if the need arises. Redesigned internals provide effortless actuation and increased reliability. With reduced overall post lengths and new travel options, riders of all shapes and sizes benefit from more travel than ever before. The new Reverb Stealth redefines what it means to simply go up and down. - Shorter overall post length - Stealth Internal cable routing

For as long as there've been saddles, women have been having issues with them. But, where some see unsolvable problems, we see practical solutions. With our patented design, MIMIC technology helps create a saddle that perfectly adapts to your body to give you the support you need. And, when you combine this technology with the long-nosed, flat profile of the Phenom Comp saddle, with its hollow Cr-Mo rails and Level II padding for extra comfort, you get a high-performance saddle that's designed to help you perform at your best. It still features all of the Body Geometry design characteristics you know and love, so you can be assured of superior, all-day comfort in any ride position. - Innovative Mimic technology uses multilayered materials to maintain equilibrium and minimize swelling in soft tissue. - Level II padding: Medium density foam for bike feel with additional cushioning. - Light, durable, and hollow Cr-Mo rails. - Patented Body Geometry design is lab-tested to ensure blood flow to sensitive arteries. - SWAT-compatible mounts molded into the saddle base allow for sleek and integrated storage solutions.

With more disc brake platforms on the market than ever before, fitting hydraulic hoses can be complex and frustrating. That’s why we developed the Quick-Fit Hydraulic Hose adapter system, a foolproof approach utilizing proven caliper-adapter technology from the motorcycle world. Pro universal hoses makes it safe and easy to dial in a perfect fit. Simply select a Pro hydraulic hose and match it with a compatible Mountain Pro Quick-Fit adapter kit. It’s that easy. Pro Hydraulic Hoses come in a wide array of colors. Pro Quick-Fit adapter kits are available separately in convenient packaging for the most popular brake manufacturers and models. - A Kevlar weave surrounding the liner prevents bulges due to heat buildup and extreme pressure - Each hose has 2 caliper-side universal couplers that connect to the Quick-Fit Adapters (sold separately) - Mountain Pro hydraulic hose kits are available in 12 colors and finishes - Black kits contain gloss black housing with silver logos; Stealth Black kits have matte black housing featuring black logos

Thin, durable clear chainstay protector with extra-strong adhesive. - Overall length - 10.375

- Ergonomically Designed For Comfortable Weight Distribution - Extra Large Platform Reduces Hand Numbness - Triple-Density Material Provides Support And Reduces Vibration - Gel Layer Enhances Vibration Damping - Unique Polymer Compound Improves Durability In All Conditions - Giant 1.0 Lightweight Aluminum Lock-On System

Origin-8's 1 1/8-inch Headset Spacers are made of lightweight and durable aluminum and come in 2mm, 5mm or 10mm thicknesses and lots of cool colors to add style to your ride. You get a bag of 10 spacers.

Origin-8's Carbon Fiber Headset Spacers are made of lightweight, durable carbon and come in 5mm, 10mm or 20mm thicknesses. You get a bag of five spacers.

Replace old brake barrel adjusters with a fresh pair of Problem Solvers' 10mm Brake Barrel Adjuster. Designed for use with standard brake cables.

- One-piece bottom bracket cup set - Bearings included - Fits smaller american juvenile/youth sized BB - Shell: 65mm - Cup Material: Steel - Weight: 173 grams

Get more distance out of every pedal stroke with SRAM's BB30 Bottom Bracket Assembly. It features sealed bearings for a smooth pedal stroke and impressive reliability. Plus, it presses directly into your frame's BB30 bottom bracket shell for reduced weight and increased longevity.

- Unidirectional carbon fiber riser bar with 35mm stem clamp area - Downhill strength with 25% weight savings compared to aluminum

Available in the most common sizes and thicknesses-in small or bulk quantities, Problem Solvers headset spacers help riders get their stack height just right. - Made from Aluminum, anodized or polished finish, without logos - 1-1/8" Diameter - S.H.I.S. Stem Clamp Diameter: 28.6mm

Replacement grub seals for Jagwire Elite Sealed kits. - Material: Rubber - 10 Pieces

These Shimano-compatible 8-speed shifters feature comfortable ergonomics, easy installation, and durability you can rely on. Whether you're replacing a broken shifter, doing a drop bar conversion, or building from scratch, these well-constructed shifters will do the trick. - Includes cable and housing - Separate, dedicated lever for upshifts and downshifts - Replaceable hood cover and face plate - External shift cable routing for low friction, smooth response and easy cable and housing replacement - Compatible with Shimano 8-speed road systems - 1 x 8-speed left lever has no shifter parts for a clean, dedicated 1x road setup

The microSHIFT Trail Trigger features ergonomic and performance benefits but without the silicone gripper pad. This shifter is well-suited for riders with exceptionally tough thumbs who ride in dry conditions. - Compatible with microSHIFT ADVENT X 10-speed drivetrains only - Internal cartridge bearings for light lever throw and positive actuation under load - Precise ergonomics put the shift lever where you want them

The absoluteBLACK premium crank bolt and bolt cover sets are designed to cover the small step down between chainring and crank arms. - Designed to fit Shimano Ultegra 6800 cranks - Includes 4 T30 Torx bolts and 4 bolt covers - Not compatible with absoluteBLACK Sub Compact oval chainrings

The SUMO III is CNC machined from thick 6061 Aluminum with a simple and super-strong design. - Includes sprocket guard - Material: Aluminum - Chain Width: 1/8" - Bore: 24mm - Weight (oz): 2.3 - Thickness: 6 mm - Tooth Count: 25 teeth - Interface: Bolt Drive

The SL-K Riser Bar is the ultimate mix of light weight and strength for a handlebar that is designed for all types of riding. Its CSI (Carbon Structural Integration) construction marries the best of both worlds of carbon and aluminum. The carbon helps keep the vibration to a minimum, while the aluminum core maintains a majority of the strength. The SL-K handlebar is XC weight-matched with Enduro strength. With a solid 740mm width and 18mm rise, this bar will help with a perfect fit, great control, and peak performance for even the most demanding rider in mind. - UD carbon and AL6066 material - Carbon Structural Integration (CSI) - Textured stem clamp zone - 18mm rise - 9° backsweep, 4° upsweep - UD carbon finish

Replacement headset uppers from FSA - Internal HS Upper Orbit-Z - Steerer diameter: 1-1/8" - ZS44/28.6 (36 x 45) - 5.3/13.1mm

SL-K modular BB386EVO is the latest FSA crankset for gravel, adventure, or road use. Thanks to the adaptable BB386 EVO 30mm spindle, this modular system will fit a wide variety of frames with a range of BB standards. - Hollow carbon fiber arms with UD finish - Forged AL7050 BB386EVO spindle - Direct mount outer chainring and 90 BCD inner chainrings - Chromoly chainring bolts - Fits Shimano and SRAM 10-11 speed systems

- Crank Boot Compatible Axles - Full Anodized Finish - 12mm Thin—Massive 11x11cm Platform - Cold Forged Alloy Pedal Body - Hollow Taper Scandium Enriched Steel Axle - Chamfered Leading Edges for Improved Clearance and Reduced Impact Forces - Chamfered Side Edges for Improved Cornering Clearance - Oversized Sealed Full Compliment Inboard Industrial Bearing - Sealed Outboard IGUS Bushing - 18 Adjustable Pins per Pedal - CNC Optimized, Full Sized Hex Head, Rear Loading Pins Improve Durability and Maintenence - Inboard Friction Seal Prevents Contamination and Reduces Unwanted Pedal Spin

- Truvativ, Crank arm bolt, M12, Cromoly, Self-extracting for Howitzer, Bag of 2

- The ATAC 13/17° cleat works with all TIME mountain pedals. - Included with all mountain pedal models numbered "6" and higher - Release angles of 13 degrees or 17 degrees depending on how the cleat is set up on the shoe - Compatible with all two-hole cycling shoes.

- 4mm compressionless housing - Housing Length: 50m - Shift Housing Diameter: 4mm

The KMC X-Series has been designed with the specific characteristics of the Shimano, SRAM, and Campagnolo systems in mind and will meet the most demanding requirements. Elaborately designed and manufactured, the X-Bridge technology, thanks to precisely chamfered plates, allows a smooth propulsion and perfect gear changes in all driving situations. - Size: 1/2"x11/128" - Length: 116 Links - Weight: 273 grams

Wellgo WPD-823 Clipless Mountain Pedals. - Includes 98A cleats, Shimano SM-51 compatible - Dual-spring release/entry tension adjustment - Four degrees of Rotation - 9/16"

The ZEB is built with a stout, 38mm chassis and features the updated DebonAir spring with the performance of the Charger R damper. SKF wiper seals and Maxima Plush fluid reduce friction, silence noise, and provide all-around lasting performance. - New, 38mm chassis for increased stiffness and rider confidence - Updated, highly tunable DebonAir spring offers a buttery-smooth feel off the top and maintains a higher ride height for increased confidence in steep terrain - New, price point Charger R cartridge damper featuring an easy-to-adjust damper with just rebound adjustment - Ultra-low friction SKF wiper seals provide long-lasting fork performance and improve overall suspension feel - Maxima Plush damping fluid reduces friction and silences damper noise

A Trail-Rated, carbon-bodied, 31.8mm stem for mountain bikers seeking best-in-class performance, response, and vibration absorption. The M6 stem is designed to complement the look and ride feel of the ENVE M5 and M6 handlebars. - Bar Clamp Diameter (mm): 31.8 mm - Material: Carbon - S.H.I.S. Stem Clamp Diameter: 28.6 - Stem angle: 0-degree

Pedal-heavy outings with rowdy all-mountain shredding can be very demanding on cranks. The Next R CINCH Crankset is light and strong where it matters most. Racing time or just rallying with friends, feel free to get a bit more sideways with Next R. - Manufactured from UD Carbon with matte clearcoat - CINCH technology offers game-changing compatibility - Includes 30mm CINCH spindle - Direct mount chainline: 52mm / 58.5mm (Flipped Ring) - 2X Cinch spider chainline: 50.5mm - Boost 2X Cinch spider chainline: 53.5mm - Number of Chainrings: No Rings Included - Chainline/Hub Compatibility: 141/148 Boost Hubs, 135/142 MTB Hubs, 150/157 DH Hubs - Crank Intended Use: Mountain - Pedal Spindle: 9/16" - Spindle Interface Type: RaceFace/Easton CINCH - Chainring BCD: Direct Mount CINCH - BB Included: No

For riders who appreciate an elegant and streamlined setup, the Stem to Top Cap Tapered Spacer features a slight taper toward the top, allowing it to transition seamlessly to the Top Cap. - Anodized aluminum construction, no logos - Sold in packs of ten - 4mm outer diameter at base tapers to 32.5mm outer diameter at the top - S.H.I.S. Stem Clamp Diameter: 28.6

The FSA Alloy Cup JIS bottom bracket is suitable for Italian threaded interfaces. - Alloy cups - Double "snap" seals for water and dirt protection - Spindle Interface Type: Square Taper JIS

Rock-solid in the park or on the trail, the Spank Spoon 800 handlebar gets a refresh for 2020. With new, fresh graphics, the Spoon bar is now 800mm wide for ultimate control. In addition, you can dial in your fit with the ability to cut it down to 740mm for a wide variety of uses. Spank Spoon: the best-priced handlebar on the market without compromise! - Cost-effective upgrade to your 31.8mm cockpit without sacrificing quality - Freeride inspired all-mountain geometry makes the bar extremely versatile - Shot-peening and anodizing enhances fatigue life - Dial your fit—adjustable to 740mm - Recommended for: ASTM 5, All mountain, trail, free ride, DH, E-Bike

Disc Brake Service Kit for Elixir - Includes pistons, seals, and bleed screws

The Campagnolo EKAR Rear Derailleur is designed for the 1x13-speed EKARndrivetrain with a gravel-orientated performance & build. - 2D parallelogram trajectory offers precise mechanical movement for 13 sprockets - High grade polymer pulley wheels (12T upper, 14T lower) allow for smooth chain running and secure retention - Carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide and anodized 7075 and 6082 alloys are lightweight, strong, and durable - Stainless steel bolts for strength and long-term resilience on gravel - Includes clutch lock for easy wheel removal Specifications: - Largest Cog: 44 - Rear Derailleur Mount Type: 10x1 Standard - Chain Wrap Capacity (teeth): 34 - Cage Length: Medium - Rear Der/Shifter Compatibility: Campy EKAR - Drivetrain Speeds: 13 - Weight: 275g

- 200 hour/1 year Service Kit (includes dust seals, foam rings, o-ring seals, Charger 2 sealhead,DebonAir seals)—Lyrik B1/Pike 29+ (2018+)

Jagwire Sport Shift XL cable kits are perfect for bikes that need extra-long cables and housing. - Sport Slick Stainless inner cables resist corrosion and are die-drawn to reduce surface friction - Compressionless LEX-SL housing uses Slick-Lube liners to protect the cables and ensure consistent performance - Sealed end caps help keep contaminants out of the housing - Anti-Kink End Caps prevent damage when bicycle is folded - The single-ended SRAM/Shimano compatible cables end are weld-cut for easy installation

The X-Fusion Manic post uses internal cable routing and was designed around a low-profile seat cradle and seal collar to fit a broad range of frames. The mechanism is air-sprung and hydraulically locked. The remote can be run on the left or right, above or below the handlebar, but is optimized as a left shifter replacement for 1x drivetrains. - Cable activated, hydraulic action, infinitely adjustable travel - Double key-way design prevents lateral twisting - Double bolt clamp with a wide range of seat angle adjustment. Fits both standard and 7 x 9 mm Carbon Rails - Sealed cartridge internals for quick replacement - Low profile head-seal and saddle clamp increase useable travel

Box One Genius brake levers are the first ever to incorporate a clamp for ODI Lock-On grips. This ensures that your grips stay put while eliminating the need for an extra clamp. At roughly 50 grams, these cold-forged and CNC-machined levers beat any other on the market. Genius levers have a built-in return spring and are fully compatible with carbon handlebars. The Mid reach lever features a new design that puts it in the same reach position as the Long, but with a more BMX-specific blade for better one-finger leverage. Other features include adjustable reach, a titanium mounting bolt, and stainless steel hardware. Genius levers are designed to work with linear-pull brakes. They are excellent for BMX, mountain, city, urban, and tandem flat-bar bicycles.

The Box Three shifter makes good use of nylon composites in both top and bottom shells as well as the levers. Box Three is our performance and value tier. So this shifter sheds all the fancy trappings of the top 2 tiers but maintains their shifting characteristics. All Prime 9 shifters take advantage of the 9-speed's inherent durability, simplicity, and reliability. Not only is the shifter mechanism joyfully simplified, but fewer shifts are needed for every mile of travel. And the best part is? Prime 9 is also terribly forgiving so you won't have to constantly adjust your set-up. Available as a multi-shift (pull several gears at once) or single-shift shifter (a sound choice for e-bikes).

The Box Two shifter is the only shifter on the market (other than our Box One) that comes factory stock with a hinged clamp. Box Two is our performance tier so this shifter still maintains the durable cast aluminum top shell but trades out the Box One's 1-piece pull-lever for a 2-piece resin and steel variant. All Prime 9 shifters take advantage of the 9-speed's inherent durability, simplicity, and reliability. Not only is the shifter mechanism joyfully simplified, but fewer shifts are needed for every mile of travel. And the best part is? Prime 9 is also terribly forgiving so you won't have to constantly adjust your set-up. Available as a multi-shift (pull several gears at once) or single-shift shifter (a sound choice for e-bikes).

These disc brake pads fit a variety of SRAM and Avid brakes and offer industry leading brake compounds for consistent, confident performance. - Low noise, high performance semi-metallic compound lasts longer than resin - Steel backing plate - Compatible with SRAM Code RSC (A1), Code R (B1), Guide RE; Avid Code (2011-2016)

- Performance-packed, featuring an updated 38mm chassis, now compatible with new Pressure Relief Valves. - 38mm chassis for increased stiffness and rider confidence - Charger RC damper featuring Low Speed Compression adjust - DebonAir+ is built to strike the perfect balance of what riders really want: butter-like small bump feel, increased air volume to add support throughout the travel and higher overall ride height for more confidence when things get steep. - Compatible with new Pressure Relief Valves - Maxima Plush Dynamic Suspension Lube reduces friction and enhances fork performance ride after ride - Bolt-in torque cap adapters now included for the use with standard hub end caps

Magura type 5. 1 performance pads for marta 2008 and prior - Performance series disc pads feature a soft, organic compound with excellent power, heat management, and modulation. - Steel backing plate